{"id":12431,"date":"2018-03-10T08:17:21","date_gmt":"2018-03-10T00:17:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tokuhon.blog\/?p=12431"},"modified":"2018-09-30T00:06:39","modified_gmt":"2018-09-29T16:06:39","slug":"%e2%94%82%e8%84%ab%e8%8b%a6%e6%b5%b7-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tokuhon.blog\/?p=12431","title":{"rendered":"\u5730\u7de3\u653f\u6cbb(21)\uff1a\u9ad8\u9435\u7684\u5168\u9762\u63a8\u5ee3\u6703\u9020\u6210\u6d77\u6b0a\u7684\u8870\u843d\u3001\u9678\u6b0a\u7684\u8907\u8208\u55ce\uff1f\u2502\u812b\u82e6\u6d77"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u6d77\u6b0a\u662f\u4e0d\u6703\u8870\u843d\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9ad8\u9435\u548c\u91cd\u9435\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee4\u5230\u9678\u6b0a\u5fa9\u8208\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u9084\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5167\u9678\u570b\u672a\u80fd\u53d7\u60e0\u65bc\u6d77\u6b0a\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u5979\u5011\u5c07\u6703\u662f\u9ad8\u9435\u91cd\u9435\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5979\u5011\u6839\u672c\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u9078\u64c7\u3002<\/p>\n<figure><img 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wp-image-12684\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tokuhon.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/v2-975afc4a7256eb25186a1732dcc36127_hd.jpg?resize=640%2C480&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tokuhon.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/v2-975afc4a7256eb25186a1732dcc36127_hd.jpg?w=640&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tokuhon.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/v2-975afc4a7256eb25186a1732dcc36127_hd.jpg?resize=320%2C240&amp;ssl=1 320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u4e9e\u592a\u885b\u661f\u670d\u52d9<\/p>\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"12683\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/tokuhon.blog\/?attachment_id=12683\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tokuhon.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/v2-6ef4af69dca4a396d33fd4f9815c7b18_hd.jpg?fit=640%2C480&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"640,480\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-title=\"v2-6ef4af69dca4a396d33fd4f9815c7b18_hd\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tokuhon.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/v2-6ef4af69dca4a396d33fd4f9815c7b18_hd.jpg?fit=640%2C480&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12683 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tokuhon.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/v2-6ef4af69dca4a396d33fd4f9815c7b18_hd.jpg?resize=640%2C480&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tokuhon.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/v2-6ef4af69dca4a396d33fd4f9815c7b18_hd.jpg?w=640&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tokuhon.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/v2-6ef4af69dca4a396d33fd4f9815c7b18_hd.jpg?resize=320%2C240&amp;ssl=1 320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u6771\u534a\u7403\u7a7a\u9593\u74b0\u5883\u5730\u57fa\u7d9c\u5408\u76e3\u6e2c\u5b50\u5348\u93c8<\/p>\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"12682\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/tokuhon.blog\/?attachment_id=12682\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tokuhon.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/v2-b94e450a70ed2303a1182b44ece5f63b_hd.jpg?fit=640%2C480&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"640,480\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-title=\"v2-b94e450a70ed2303a1182b44ece5f63b_hd\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tokuhon.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/v2-b94e450a70ed2303a1182b44ece5f63b_hd.jpg?fit=640%2C480&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12682 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tokuhon.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/v2-b94e450a70ed2303a1182b44ece5f63b_hd.jpg?resize=640%2C480&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tokuhon.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/v2-b94e450a70ed2303a1182b44ece5f63b_hd.jpg?w=640&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tokuhon.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/v2-b94e450a70ed2303a1182b44ece5f63b_hd.jpg?resize=320%2C240&amp;ssl=1 320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u8d85\u7d1a\u5929\u773c\u671b\u9060\u93e1<\/p>\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"12681\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/tokuhon.blog\/?attachment_id=12681\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tokuhon.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/v2-6c65cf0529b4845d08fdf761d3f9a758_hd.jpg?fit=640%2C480&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"640,480\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-title=\"v2-6c65cf0529b4845d08fdf761d3f9a758_hd\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tokuhon.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/v2-6c65cf0529b4845d08fdf761d3f9a758_hd.jpg?fit=640%2C480&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-12681\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tokuhon.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/v2-6c65cf0529b4845d08fdf761d3f9a758_hd.jpg?resize=640%2C480&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tokuhon.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/v2-6c65cf0529b4845d08fdf761d3f9a758_hd.jpg?w=640&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tokuhon.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/v2-6c65cf0529b4845d08fdf761d3f9a758_hd.jpg?resize=320%2C240&amp;ssl=1 320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u90ed\u5b88\u656c\u671b\u9060\u93e1<\/p>\n<figure><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"12680\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/tokuhon.blog\/?attachment_id=12680\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tokuhon.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/v2-c33e477d635e7ea785d1c2affb7e9e2f_hd.jpg?fit=640%2C480&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"640,480\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-title=\"v2-c33e477d635e7ea785d1c2affb7e9e2f_hd\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tokuhon.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/v2-c33e477d635e7ea785d1c2affb7e9e2f_hd.jpg?fit=640%2C480&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12680 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tokuhon.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/v2-c33e477d635e7ea785d1c2affb7e9e2f_hd.jpg?resize=640%2C480&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tokuhon.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/v2-c33e477d635e7ea785d1c2affb7e9e2f_hd.jpg?w=640&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/tokuhon.blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/v2-c33e477d635e7ea785d1c2affb7e9e2f_hd.jpg?resize=320%2C240&amp;ssl=1 320w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/zhuanlan.zhihu.com\/p\/29908217\" data-za-detail-view-id=\"1043\">\u5f9e\u5730\u7de3\u770b\u623f\u5730\u7522(3)\uff1a\u79d1\u6280\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u8b8a\u5730\u7de3\u95dc\u4fc2\u2502\u812b\u82e6\u6d77<\/a><\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><b><u>\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6d77\u6b0a\u3001\u9678\u6b0a\u3001\u7a7a\u6b0a\u6642\u4ee3<\/u><\/b><\/h2>\n<p>\u4e0d\u904e\u4e14\u6162\u9ad8\u8208\uff0c\u6280\u8853\u7684\u9032\u6b65\u7d42\u65bc\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u5c0d\u822a\u6d77\u7684\u5c40\u9650\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u64f4\u95ca\u4e86\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u7565\u596a\u7684\u5730\u57df\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u84b8\u6c23\u8f2a\u8239\u7684\u767c\u660e\u30021765\u5e74\u82f1\u570b\u4eba\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u2022\u74e6\u7279(James Watt)\u767c\u660e\u4e86\u96d9\u7f38\u84b8\u6c7d\u6a5f\uff0c1783\u5e74\u7b2c\u4e00\u8258\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u84b8\u6c7d\u8f2a\u8239\u4e0b\u6c34\u30021807\u5e74\u7f8e\u570b\u4eba\u7f85\u4f2f\u7279\u2022\u5bcc\u723e\u9813(Robert Fulton)\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u5728\u6cb3\u6d41\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8f2a\u8239\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f9e\u6b64\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u7684\u8239\u96bb\u53ef\u4ee5\u5230\u9054\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u6d77\u5cb8\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u4ed6\u5011\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u53ea\u6709\u99ac\u6f22\u6240\u8b1b\u8ff0\u7684\u822a\u9053\u4e36\u904b\u6cb3\u548c\u822a\u7dda\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u84b8\u6c7d\u8239\u8d8a\u9020\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u66f4\u52a0\u5728\u8239\u4e0a\u653e\u7f6e\u706b\u7832\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u4ed7\u8457\u8239\u5805\u7832\u5229\uff0c\u6253\u958b\u4e00\u500b\u53c8\u4e00\u500b\u7684\u8001\u5927\u5e1d\u570b\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7576\u6642\u7684\u6e05\u671d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9678\u4e0a\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u5de5\u5177\u4e00\u6a23\u8fc5\u901f\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u80fd\u5920\u9020\u51fa\u84b8\u6c7d\u8f2a\u8239\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u80fd\u5920\u9020\u51fa\u84b8\u6c7d\u706b\u8eca\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u53f0\u84b8\u6c7d\u6a5f\u8eca\u7531\u82f1\u570b\u4eba\u674e\u5bdf\u2022\u7279\u91cc\u7dad\u5e0c\u514b(Richard Trevithick)\u65bc1804\u5e74\u88fd\u9020\u51fa\u4f86\u30021814\u5e74\u82f1\u570b\u4eba\u55ac\u6cbb\u2022\u53f2\u8482\u82ac\u751f(George Stephenson)\u53f2\u8482\u82ac\u751f\u8a2d\u8a08\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u706b\u8eca\u982d\uff0c\u52301829\u5e74\u88fd\u9020\u51fa\u706b\u7bad\u865f\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u6700\u65e9\u5728\u5546\u696d\u6210\u529f\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u84b8\u6c7d\u706b\u8eca\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9435\u8def\u904b\u8f38\u767c\u660e\u5f8c\uff0c\u6cb3\u9053\u4e0d\u518d\u5728\u5167\u9678\u4ea4\u901a\u4f5c\u51fa\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5c07\u9435\u8def\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u61c9\u7528\u5728\u6230\u722d\u52d5\u54e1\u53ca\u5f8c\u52e4\u4e0a\uff0c\u662f1870\u5e74\u7684\u666e\u6cd5\u6230\u722d\uff0c\u666e\u9b6f\u58eb\uff08\u5373\u5fb7\u570b\u7684\u524d\u8eab\uff09\u7684\u9435\u8def\u7db2\u5c0d\u65bc\u8ecd\u4e8b\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u80fd\u5920\u8fc5\u901f\u5730\u628a\u5927\u91cf\u90e8\u968a\u904b\u5f80\u524d\u7dda\uff0c\u96c6\u7d50\u5230\u4f5c\u6230\u5730\u5340\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u80fd\u5920\u4f7f\u90e8\u968a\u7684\u7d66\u990a\u5f97\u5230\u53ca\u6642\u7684\u88dc\u5145\u30021870\u5e748\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u6cd5\u570b\u5728\u908a\u754c\u4e0a\u53ea\u80fd\u9673\u517526.5\u842c\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u666e\u9b6f\u58eb\u5728\u840a\u8335\u6cb3\u5df2\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8650\u842c\u4eba\u7684\u5175\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u500b\u6642\u4ee3\u6700\u6a19\u8a8c\u6027\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u662f\u82f1\u570b\u7684\u6d77\u8207\u5fb7\u570b\u7684\u9678\u6b0a\u4e4b\u722d\uff0c1888-1893\u5e74\u5fb7\u570b\u5148\u5f8c\u5f9e\u7576\u6642\u7684\u5967\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u570b\uff08\u4eca\u571f\u8033\u5176\uff09\u7372\u5f97\u535a\u65af\u666e\u9b6f\u65af\u6d77\u5cfd\u7d93\u5b89\u5361\u62c9\u9435\u8def\u81f3\u79d1\u5c3c\u4e9e(Konya)\u9435\u8def\u5efa\u7bc9\u6b0a\uff0c\u82f1\u570b\u5f37\u70c8\u53cd\u5c0d\uff0c\u5fb7\u570b\u5373\u4ee5\u53cd\u5c0d\u82f1\u5728\u57c3\u53ca\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u5a01\u8105\uff0c\u82f1\u88ab\u8feb\u8b93\u6b65\u30021896\u5e74\u5efa\u6210\u5f8c\uff0c1903\u5e74\u5fb7\u570b\u53c8\u7372\u5f97\u5f9e\u79d1\u5c3c\u4e9e\u5411\u524d\u5ef6\u5c55\u7d93\u5df4\u683c\u9054(Bagdad)\u81f3\u6ce2\u65af\u7063\u7554\u7684\u5df4\u58eb\u62c9(Basra)\u7684\u4fee\u5efa\u9435\u8def\u79df\u8b93\u6b0a\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c3B\u9435\u8def\u300d\u3002\u82f1\u4e36\u6cd5\u5f37\u70c8\u53cd\u5c0d\uff0c\u7d93\u904e\u8907\u96dc\u8ac7\u5224\u82f1\u570b\u4ecd\u5805\u6c7a\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u4ee5\u79d1\u5a01\u7279\u70ba\u8a72\u7dda\u7684\u7d42\u9ede\u30021914\u5e746\u670815\u65e5\u82f1\u4e36\u5fb7\u96d9\u65b9\u8349\u7c3d\u5354\u5b9a\uff0c\u82f1\u570b\u4e0d\u518d\u963b\u6493\u6b64\u8def\u7684\u4fee\u5efa\uff0c\u5fb7\u570b\u4e5f\u627f\u8afe\u9435\u8def\u4ee5\u5df4\u58eb\u62c9\u70ba\u7d42\u9ede\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u6ce2\u65af\u7063\u3002\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u7206\u767c\uff0c\u672a\u6b63\u5f0f\u7c3d\u7d04\uff0c\u5168\u7dda\u5de5\u7a0b\u62d6\u52301934-1944\u5e74\u624d\u7531\u82f1\u4e36\u6cd5\u4e36\u571f\u4e09\u570b\u5206\u6bb5\u5efa\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n<figure><img 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